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38)A Republic of Inhospitality

India Republic Day -- Since India celebrates Republic Moment and the chests of numerous Indians swell with pride at the thought of our tremendous diversity and imagined navy prowess it is well to reflect on what kind of Republic the has become. A republican type of government is not merely one out of which the head of point out is not a hereditary monarch; rather the modern republic rests on the idea that sovereignty resides in the people and that the will of the testers as expressed through their own representatives is supreme. What has however been crucial to the idea of the republic everywhere is the notion associated with inclusiveness. In this respect the experiences that have been coming out of India recently tell a tale that is chilling to the bones a tale which will leaves behind a stench which no amount of sloganeering in relation to Swachh Bharat or even some thing more than a symbolic wielding in the broom can eradicate. If inclusiveness is the touchstone of an Republic
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What You Should Know About Scrapbooking Brochure Designs

Brochure design is one of the oldest forms of advertising and it's still growing in popularity. Think of a brochure design as an effective marketing tool to introduce a new product or a service to potential clients. In particular, brochure design is useful in spreading the word about a business, especially if it has been established in town or if there is a local community around. For instance, if a local small business has only just opened shop, it may hand out brochures either in the form of an eight-page pamphlet or a multi-issue flyer to its prospective customers to further promote the business. To start off, a business must understand its audience. Since brochure design is aimed at creating awareness and arouse interest among target audience, the content of the brochure has to be carefully conceived and designed so as not to turn off anyone. The brochure layout has to be attractive enough to instill confidence in the consumer. It is therefore important that the message should
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Patent

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A patent is a form of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of years in exchange for publishing an enabling public disclosure of the invention. In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder must sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce his or her rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.: 17 The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the scope of protection that is being sought. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet various patentability requirements, which in the
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Definition

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The word patent originates from the Latin patere , which means "to lay open" (i.e., to make available for public inspection). It is a shortened version of the term letters patent , which was an open document or instrument issued by a monarch or government granting exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the US, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents something new, useful and non-obvious. Some other types of intellectual property rights are also called patents in some jurisdictions: industrial design rights are called design patents in the US, plant breeders' rights are sometimes called plant patents , and utility models and Gebrauchsmuster are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents . The additional qualification utility patent is s
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History

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Although there is some evidence that some form of patent rights was recognized in Ancient Greece in the Greek city of Sybaris, the first statutory patent system is generally regarded to be the Venetian Patent Statute of 1474. Patents were systematically granted in Venice as of 1474, where they issued a decree by which new and inventive devices had to be communicated to the Republic in order to obtain legal protection against potential infringers. The period of protection was 10 years. As Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries. The English patent system evolved from its early medieval origins into the first modern patent system that recognised intellectual property in order to stimulate invention; this was the crucial legal foundation upon which the Industrial Revolution could emerge and flourish. By the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters pat
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Law

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Intellectual property Authors' rights Copyright Database right Farmers' rights Geographical indication Indigenous intellectual property Industrial design right Integrated circuit layout design protection Moral rights Patent Peasants' rights Plant breeders' rights Plant genetic resources Related rights Supplementary protection certificate Trade dress Trade secret Trademark Utility model Related topics Abandonware Brand protection Copyright troll Criticism of copyright Bioprospecting Cultural appropriation Idea–expression distinction Limitations and exceptions to copyright Fair dealing Fair use Paraphrasing Right to quote Orphan work Patent troll Public domain Outline of intellectual property Outline of patents Higher category: Property and Property law v t e Effects edit A patent does not give a right to make or use or sell an invention. Rather, a patent provides, from a legal standpoint, the right to exclude others from making, u
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Benefits

Primary incentives embodied in the patent system include incentives to invent in the first place; to disclose the invention once made; to invest the sums necessary to experiment, produce and market the invention; and to design around and improve upon earlier patents. Patents provide incentives for economically efficient research and development (R&D). A study conducted annually by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) shows that the 2,000 largest global companies invested more than 430 billion euros in 2008 in their R&D departments. If the investments can be considered as inputs of R&D, real products and patents are the outputs. Based on these groups, a project named Corporate Invention Board, had measured and analyzed the patent portfolios to produce an original picture of their technological profiles. Supporters of patents argue that without patent protection, R&D spending would be significantly less or eliminated altogether, limiting the possibil
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